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Pro Tools operates both as standalone software and in conjunction with a range of external analog-to-digital converters and PCIe cards with on-board digital signal processors DSP.

The DSP is used to provide additional processing power to the host computer for processing real-time effectssuch as reverbequalizationand compression [4] and to obtain lower latency audio performance. Audio, MIDIand video sony vegas pro 13 media offline free are graphically represented on a timeline. Audio effectsvirtual instrumentsand hardware emulators—such as microphone preamps or guitar amplifiers—can be added, adjusted, and processed in real-time in a virtual mixer.

It features time codetempo maps, elastic audio, and automation ; supports mixing in surround soundDolby Atmos and VR sound using Ambisonics. The Pro Tools TDM mix engine, supported until with version 10, employed bit fixed-point arithmetic for plug-in processing and bit for mixing.

Current HDX hardware systems, HD Native and native systems /38517.txt bit floating-point resolution for plug-ins and bit floating-point summing. InAvid switched Pro Tools from a perpetual license to a subscription model. Inthe two friends, sharing an interest in music and electronic and software engineering, decided to study the memory mapping of the newly released E-mu Drumulator drum machine to create EPROM sound sony vegas pro 13 media offline free chips.

The Drumulator was quite popular at that time, although it was limited to its built-in samples. They started selling the upgrade chips one year later under their new Digidrums label. The chips, easily switchable with the original ones, enjoyed remarkable success between the Drumulator users, selling 60, units overall.

When Apple released its first Macintosh computer inthe pair thought to design a more functional and flexible solution which could take advantage of a graphical interface. Starting from the same year, a dial-up service provided by Beaverton Digital Sony vegas pro 13 media offline free, called MacMusic, allowed Sound Designer users to download and install the entire Emulator II sound library to other less expensive samplers: sample libraries could be shared across different manufacturers platforms without copyright infringement.

MacMusic contributed to Sound Designer’s success by leveraging both the universal file format and developing the first online sample file download site globally, many years before the World Wide Web use soared. With the release of Apple Macintosh II inwhich provided card slots, a hard disk, and more capable memory, Brooks and Gotcher saw the possibility to evolve Sound Designer into a featured digital audio sony vegas pro 13 media offline free.

They discussed with E-mu the opportunity of using the Emulator III as a platform for their updated software, but E-mu rejected this offer. Therefore, they decided to design both the software and the hardware autonomously. Motorolawhich was working on its 56K series of digital signal processorsinvited the two to participate in its development.

Brooks designed a circuit board for the processor, then developed the software to make it work with Sound Designer. A beta version of the DSP was ready by December The combination of the hardware and the software was called Sound Tools. Advertised as the “first tapeless studio”, [19] it was presented on January 20, at the NAMM annual convention. The system relied on a NuBus card called Sound Accelerator, equipped with one Motorola processor. The card provided bit playback and Since audio streaming and non-destructive editing were performed on hard drives, the software was still limited by their performance; densely edited tracks could cause glitches.

The core engine and much of the user interface of the first iteration of Pro Tools was based on Deck. The software, published inwas the first multi-track digital recorder based on a personal computer. It was developed by OSC, a small San Francisco company founded the same year, in conjunction with Digidesign and ran on Digidesign’s hardware.

The first Pro Tools system was launched on June 5, InJosh Rosen, Mats Myrberg and John Dalton, the OSC’s engineers who developed Deck, split from Digidesign to focus on releasing lower-cost multi-track software that would run on computers with no additional hardware. Peter Gotcher felt that the software needed a significant rewrite. Pro Tools II, the first software release fully developed by Digidesign, followed in the same year and addressed its predecessor’s weaknesses.

InPro Tools 2. With TDM, up to four NuBus cards could be linked, obtaining a track system, while multiple DSP-based plug-ins could be run simultaneously and in real-time. The sony vegas pro 13 media offline free was finalized in This change of architecture allowed the convergence of Macintosh computers with Intel -based PCs, for which PCI had become the standard internal communication bus.

With the release of Pro Tools 24 inDigidesign introduced a new sony vegas pro 13 media offline free interface the 24 and a new PCI card the d The d24 relied on Motorola processors, offering /40861.txt processing power and 24 tracks of bit audio [43] later increased to 32 tracks with a DAE software update. A SCSI accelerator was required to keep up with the increased data throughput.

Digidesign dropped its proprietary SCSI controller in favor of commercially available ones. Pro Tools 5 saw two substantial software developments: extended MIDI functionality and integration in an editable piano-roll view in sony vegas pro 13 media offline free editor; MIDI automation, quantize and transpose [36] and the introduction of surround sound mixing and multichannel plug-ins—up to the 7.

The migration from traditional, tape-based analog studio technology to the Pro Tools platform took place within the industry: [19] Прощения, download google chrome beta for windows 10 еще Martin ‘s ” Livin’ la Vida Loca ” was the страница Billboard Hot number-one single to be recorded, edited, and mixed entirely within the Pro Tools environment, [46] allowing a more meticulous and effortless editing workflow especially on vocals.

While consolidating its presence in professional studios, Digidesign began to target the mid-range consumer market in by introducing the Digi sony vegas pro 13 media offline free, consisting of a rack-mount audio interface with eight inputs and outputs with bit, Pro Tools, offering a solid and reliable alternative to analog recording and mixing, eventually became a standard in professional studios throughout the decade, while editing features such as Beat Detective introduced with Pro Tools 5.

Pro Tools LE, first introduced and distributed in with the Digi interface, sony vegas pro 13 media offline free was a specific Pro Tools version in which the signal sony vegas pro 13 media offline free entirely relied on the host CPU. The software required a Digidesign interface to run, which acted as a copy-protection mechanism for the software.

Pro Tools LE shared the same interface of Pro Tools HD but had a smaller track count 24 tracks with Pro Tools 5, extended to 32 tracks with Pro Tools 6 [48] and 48 tracks with Pro Tools 8 [57] and supported a maximum sample rate of 96 kHz [58] depending on the sony vegas pro 13 media offline free used. Pro Tools 9, released in Novemberdropped the requirement of proprietary hardware to run the software. Core Audio allowed device aggregation, enabling using of more than one interface simultaneously.

In all other cases, it ran as Pro Tools 9 standard, with a smaller track count and some advanced features turned off. In response to Apple’s sony vegas pro 13 media offline free to include Emagic ‘s complete line of virtual instruments in Logic Pro in and following Avid ‘s acquisition of German virtual instruments developer Wizoo inPro Tools 8 was перейти на источник with its first built-in virtual instruments library, the AIR Creative Collection, as well as with some new plug-ins, to make it more appealing for music production.

Each card mounted 18 DSP processors, manufactured by Texas Instruments, allowing an increased computational precision bit floating-point resolution for audio processing and bit floating-point summing, versus the previous bit and bit sony vegas pro 13 media offline free resolution of the TDM engine[4] thus improving dynamic range performance. Signal processing could be run on the embedded DSP, providing additional computational power and enabling near zero-latency for DSP-reliant plug-ins.

Two FPGA chips handled track playback, monitoring, and internal routing, providing a lower round trip latency. To maintain performance consistency, HDX products were specified with a fixed maximum number of voices each voice representing a monophonic channel.

Each HDX card enabled simultaneous voices at AAX was developed to provide the future implementation of bit plug-ins, although bit versions of Больше на странице were still used in Pro Tools Notable software features introduced with Pro Tools 10 were editable clip-based gain automation Clip gainthe ability to load the session’s audio data into RAM to improve transport responsiveness Disk cachingquadrupled Automatic Delay Compensation length, audio fades processed in real-time, timeline length extended to 24 hours, support for bit float audio and mixed audio formats within the session, and the addition of Avid Channel Strip plug-in based on Euphonix System 5 console’s channel strip, following Avid’s acquisition of Euphonix in Pro Tools 11, released in Juneswitched from bit to bit software architecture with new audio and video engines, enabling the application and plug-ins to fully take advantage of system memory.

The new audio engine AAE introduced support of offline bouncing and simultaneous mixdowns multiple sources; dynamic plug-in processing allowed to reduce CPU usage when active native plug-ins don’t receive any input. Two separate buffers were used for playback and for monitoring of record-enabled or input-monitored tracks. Pro Tools workflow is organized into two main windows: the timeline is sony vegas pro 13 media offline free in the Edit window, while the mixer is shown in the Mix window.

The timeline provides a graphical representation of all types of tracks: the audio envelope or waveform when zoomed in for audio tracks, a piano roll showing MIDI notes and controller values for MIDI and Instrument tracks, a sequence of frame thumbnails for video tracks, audio levels for auxiliary, master and VCA master tracks.

Time can be measured and displayed on the timeline in different scales: bars and beats, time or SMPTE timecode with selectable frame ratesaudio samples, or film stock feet for audio-for-film referencing based on the 35 mm film format. Elastic Audio must be enabled to allow time stretching of audio clips. Audio and MIDI clips can be moved, cut, and duplicated non-destructively on the timeline edits change the clip organization on the timeline, but source files are not overwritten.

All other types of audio processing can be rendered on the timeline with the AudioSuite non-real-time version of AAX plug-ins.

MIDI notes, velocities, and controllers can be edited directly on the timeline, each MIDI track showing an individual piano roll, or in a specific window, where several /33374.txt and Instrument tracks can be shown together in a single piano roll with color-coding. Multiple MIDI controllers for each track can be viewed and edited on different lanes. Video files can be imported to one or more video tracks and organized in multiple playlists.

Multiple video files can be edited together and played back in real-time. Video output from one video track is provided in sony vegas pro 13 media offline free separate window or can be viewed full screen. It also can show additional controls for the inserted virtual instrumentmic preamp gain, HEAT settings, and the EQ curve of supported plug-ins.

Audio can be routed to and from different outputs and inputs, both physical and internal. Internal routing is achieved using busses and auxiliary tracks; each track can have multiple output assignments. Audio, auxiliary, and Instrument tracks or MIDI tracks routed to a virtual instrument plug-in can be committed to new tracks containing their rendered output. Virtual instruments can be committed to audio to prepare an arrangement project for mixing; track commit is also used to free up system resources during mixing or when the session is shared with systems not having some plug-ins installed.

Multiple tracks can be rendered at a time; it is also possible to render a /1838.txt timeline selection and define which range of inserts to render.

Similarly, tracks can be frozen with their output rendered at the end of the plug-in chain or at a specific insert of their chain. Editing is suspended on frozen tracks, but they can subsequently be unfrozen if further adjustments are needed. For example, virtual instruments can be frozen to free up system memory and improve performance while keeping the possibility to unfreeze them to make arrangement changes. The main mix of the session—or any internal mix bus or sony vegas pro 13 media offline free path—can be sony vegas pro 13 media offline free to disk in real-time if hardware inserts from analog hardware are used, or if any audio or MIDI source is monitored live into the session or offline faster-than-real-time.

The selected source can be mixed to mono, stereo, or any other multichannel format. Multichannel mixdowns can be written as an interleaved audio file or in multiple mono files. Up to 24 sources of up to 10 channels each can be mixed down simultaneously—for example, to deliver audio stems. AAF and OMF sequences embed audio and video files with their metadata; when opened by the destination application, session structure is rebuilt with the original clip placement, edits, and basic track and clip automation.

Track contents and any of its properties can be selectively exchanged between Pro Tools sessions with Sony vegas pro 13 media offline free Session Data for example, importing audio clips from an external session to a designated track while keeping track settings or importing track inserts while keeping audio clips. Pro Tools projects can be synchronized to the Avid Cloud and shared with other users on a track-by-track basis.

Different users can simultaneously work on the project and upload new tracks or any changes to existing tracks such as audio and MIDI clips, automation, здесь plug-ins, and mixer status or alterations to the project structure such as tempo, meter, or key. Pro Tools reads embedded metadata in media files to manage multichannel recordings made by field recorders in production sound.

All stored metadata such as scene and take numbers, tape or sound roll name, or production comments can be accessed in the Workspace browser. Analogous audio clips are identified by overlapping longitudinal timecode LTC and by one or more user-defined criteria such as matching file length, file name, sony vegas pro 13 media offline free scene and take numbers. An audio segment can be replaced from matching channels for example, to replace audio from a boom microphone with the audio from a lavalier microphone while maintaining edits and fades in the timeline, or any matching channels can be added to new tracks.

Up to twelve Pro Tools Ultimate systems with dedicated hardware can be linked together over an Ethernet network—for example, in multi-user mixing environments where different mix components such as dialog, ADR, effects, and music reside on different systems, or if a larger track count or processing power is needed.

Transport, solo, and mute are controlled by a single system and with a single control surface. Pro Tools software is available in a standard edition informally called “Vanilla” [] providing all the key features for audio mixing and post-production, a complete edition officially called “Ultimate” and known на этой странице “HD” between andwhich unlocks functionality for advanced workflows and a higher track count.

The starter edition of Pro Tools called “First” was discontinued in In mids, Digidesign started working on a studio device that could sony vegas pro 13 media offline free classic analog consoles and provide integration with Pro Tools.

 
 

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Top Story. After more than 60 years in the business, the comedy legend was ready to wind it down. Then came ‘Only Murders in the Building’ and his three Emmy nominations.

And a new stage show. And a new book. And a new doc. But after that, it’s over. He’s pretty sure…. The awards ceremony was not aired in as the organization behind it, the HFPA, was under fire for its lack of diversity and ethics. After David Zaslav shelved ‘Batgirl’ and declared a new ten-year plan is in the works, the future of the comic book power house is less clear than it has been in years.

The Warner Bros. Discovery sony vegas pro 13 media offline free wants to be the anti-Netflix: all sony vegas pro 13 media offline free on theatrical, a fan of linear TV, happy to sell content to other players and focused on the bottom line. THR’s voice in the geek sphere. The stars embark on a tasty journey at an exclusive restaurant where Ralph Fiennes посетить страницу prepared a meal nobody will ever forget — and some основываясь на этих данных not survive.

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By Gary Baum. Subscribe Sign Up. All Rights Reserved. Close the menu The Hollywood Reporter homepage.

 

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The Sony Vegas Pro 13 is available to all software users as a free download with possible limitations over. Whether you’re completely new to Sony’s popular nonlinear editor NLE or are a seasoned digital video professional simply looking to pick up a few new tips and tricks, you’re sure to be well served by this free video software tutorial.

 
 

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This semi-precious wooden coffee table “Courbaril” was brought back from French Guiana in Developers of software available on Steam are able to track sales of their games through the Steam store. In February , Valve announced that it would begin to allow developers to set up their own sales for their games independent of any sales that Valve may set. Steam conducts and partially publishes a monthly opt-in hardware and software survey since and Valve added the ability for developers to sell games under an early access model with a special section of the Steam store, starting in March This program allows for developers to release functional, but not finished, products such as beta versions to the service to allow users to buy the games and help provide testing and feedback towards the final production.

Early access also helps to provide funding to the developers to help complete their games. Developers are able to request Steam keys of their products to use as they see fit, such as to give away in promotions, to provide to selected users for review, or to give to key resellers for different profitization. Valve generally honors all such requests, but clarified that they would evaluate some requests to avoid giving keys to games or other offerings that are designed to manipulate the Steam storefront and other features.

For example, Valve said that a request for , keys for a game that has significantly negative reviews and 1, sales on Steam is unlikely to be granted. Valve enabled the ability for multiple developers to create bundles of games from their offerings without the need for Valve’s staff to create these on their behalf in June The Steam Workshop is a Steam account-based hosting service for videogame user-created content. Depending on the title, new levels, art assets, gameplay modifications, or other content may be published to or installed from the Steam Workshop through an automated, online account-based process.

The Workshop was originally used for distribution of new items for Team Fortress 2 ; [] it was redesigned to extend support for any game in early , including modifications for The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim.

SteamVR is a virtual reality hardware and software platform developed by Valve, with a focus on allowing “room-scale” experiences using positional tracking base stations, as opposed to those requiring the player to stay in a singular location.

Up until , Valve would handpick games to be included onto the Steam service, limiting these to games that either had a major developer supporting them, or smaller studios with proven track records for Valve’s purposes.

Since then, Valve have sought ways to enable more games to be offered through Steam, while pulling away from manually approving games for the service, short of validating that a game runs on the platforms the publisher had indicated. Valve announced Steam Greenlight to streamline game addition to the service in July and released the following month.

Developers were able to submit information about their games, as well as early builds or beta versions, for consideration by users. Users would pledge support for these games, and Valve would help to make top-pledged games available on the Steam service. Those fees were donated to the charity Child’s Play. The initial process offered by Greenlight was panned by developers because while they favored the concept, the rate of games that were eventually approved were small.

Steam Greenlight was phased out and replaced with Steam Direct in June Once they apply, a developer must wait thirty days before publishing the game as to give Valve the ability to review the game to make sure it is “configured correctly, matches the description provided on the store page, and doesn’t contain malicious content”.

Valve anticipated that the volume of new games added to the service would further increase with Direct in place. Without more direct interaction on the curation process, allowing hundreds more games on the service, Valve had looked to find methods to allow players to find games they would be more likely to buy based on previous purchase patterns. Curators can set up descriptors for the type of games they are interested in, preferred languages, and other tags along with social media profiles, while developers can find and reach out to specific curators from this information, and, after review, provide them directly with access to their game.

This step, which eliminates the use of a Steam redemption key, is aimed to reduce the reselling of keys, as well as dissuade users that may be trying to game the curator system to obtain free game keys. Valve has attempted to deal with “fake games”, those that are built around reused assets and little other innovation, designed to misuse Steam’s features for the benefit only to the developer or select few users.

To help assist finding and removing these games from the service, the company added Steam Explorers atop its existing Steam Curator program, according to various YouTube personalities that have spoken out about such games in the past and with Valve directly, including Jim Sterling and TotalBiscuit. Any Steam user is able to sign up to be an Explorer, and are asked to look at under-performing games on the service as to either vouch that the game is truly original and simply lost among other releases, or if it is an example of a “fake game”, at which point Valve can take action to remove the game.

In July , the Steam Labs feature was introduced as a means of Valve to showcase experimental discovery features they have considered for including into Steam, but seek public feedback to see if it is something that users want before fully integrating that into the storefront. For example, an initial experiment released at launch was the Interactive Recommender, which uses artificial intelligence algorithms pulling data from the user’s past gameplay history, comparing it to all other users, as to suggest new games that may be of interest to them.

The September Discovery update, which Valve claimed would improve the visibility of niche and lesser-known games, was met with criticism from some indie game developers, who recorded a significant drop in exposure of their games, including new wishlist additions and appearances in the “More Like This” and “Discovery queue” sections of the store.

In June , Valve created a formal process to allow purchasers to request full refunds on games they had purchased on Steam for any reason, with refunds guaranteed within the first two weeks as long as the player had not spent more than two hours in the game.

For example, the Steam version of From Dust was originally stated to have a single, post-installation online DRM check with its publisher Ubisoft, but the released version of the game required a DRM check with Ubisoft’s servers each time it was used.

At the request of Ubisoft, Valve offered refunds to customers who bought the game while Ubisoft worked to release a patch that would remove the DRM check altogether. Though the developers Hammerpoint Interactive altered the description after launch to reflect the current state of the game software, Valve removed the title from Steam and offered refunds to those who had bought it.

Valve has full authority to remove games from the service for various reasons; however games that are removed can still be downloaded and played by those that have already purchased these games. With the launch of Steam Direct, effectively removing any curation of games by Valve prior to being published on Steam, there have been several incidents of published games that have attempted to mislead Steam users. Starting in June , Valve has taken actions against games and developers that are ” trolling ” the system; in September , Valve explicitly defined that trolls on Steam “aren’t actually interested in good faith efforts to make and sell games to you or anyone” and instead use “game shaped object” that could be considered a video game but would not be considered “good” by a near-unanimity of users.

In addition to removing bad actors from the service, Valve has also taken steps to reduce the impact of “fake games” and their misuse on the service. In May , Valve identified that there were several games on the service with trading card support, where the developer distributed game codes to thousands of bot-operated accounts that would run the game to earn trading cards that they could then sell for profit; these games would also create false positives that make these games appear more popular than they really were and would impact games suggested to legitimate players through their store algorithms, affecting Steam’s Discovery algorithms.

Subsequent to this patch, games must reach some type of confidence factor based on actual playtime before they can generate trading cards, with players credited for their time played towards receiving trading cards before this metric is met.

Valve plans to use the same approach and algorithms to identify these types of games, limiting these games to only one thousand total achievements and discounting these achievements towards a user’s statistics. Other actions taken by developers against the terms of service or other policies have prompted Valve to remove games. Valve has also removed or threatened to remove games due to inappropriate or mature content, though there was often confusion as to what material qualified for this, such as a number of mature, but non-pornographic visual novels being threatened.

For example, Eek Games’ House Party included scenes of nudity and sexual encounters in its original release, which drew criticism from conservative religious organization National Center on Sexual Exploitation , leading Valve to remove the title from the service.

Eek Games were later able to satisfy Valve’s standards by including censor bars within the game and allowing the game to be readded to Steam, though offered a patch on their website to remove the bars. However, Valve later rescinded its orders, allowing these games to remain and telling the developers Valve would re-evaluate the games and inform them of any content that would need to be changed or removed. In June , Valve clarified its policy on content, taking a more hands-off approach rather than deem what content is inappropriate, outside of illegal material.

Rather than trying to make decisions themselves on what content is appropriate, Valve enhanced its filtering system to allow developers and publishers to indicate and justify the types of mature content including violence, nudity, and sexual content in their games. Users can block games that are marked with this type of content from appearing in the store, and if they have not blocked it, they are presented with the description given by the developer or publisher before they can continue to the store page.

Developers and publishers with existing games on Steam have been strongly encouraged to complete these forms for these games, while Valve will use moderators to make sure new games are appropriately marked. Until these tools were in place, some adult-themed games were delayed for release. Dharker noted that in discussions with Valve that they would be liable for any content-related fines or penalties that countries may place on Valve, a clause of their publishing contract for Steam, and took steps to restrict sale of the game in over 20 regions.

In March , Valve faced pressure over Rape Day , a planned game described as being a dark comedy and power fantasy where the player would control a serial rapist in the midst of a zombie apocalypse.

Journalists questioned how the hands-off approach would handle this case; Valve ultimately decided against offering the game on Steam, arguing that while it “[respects] developers’ desire to express themselves”, there were “costs and risks” associated with the game’s content, and the developers had “chosen content matter and a way of representing it that makes it very difficult for us to help them [find an audience]”.

Steam originally released exclusively for Microsoft Windows in , but has since been ported to other platforms. Steam on Windows also relies on some security features built into later versions of Windows. Steam support for XP and Vista were dropped in While users still on those operating systems are able to use the client, they do not have access to newer features.

Around only 0. Steam for Mac OS X was originally planned for release in April ; but was pushed back to May 12, , following a beta period.

In addition to the Steam client, several features were made available to developers, allowing them to take advantage of the cross-platform Source engine, and platform and network capabilities using Steamworks. Some third-party games may require the user to re-purchase them to gain access to the cross-platform functionality.

Valve announced in July that it was developing a Steam client for Linux and modifying the Source engine to work natively on Linux, based on the Ubuntu distribution.

The team developing the Linux client had been working for a year before the announcement to validate that such a port would be possible. From there, it began working on porting other games to Ubuntu and expanding to other Linux distributions. In August , Valve released a beta version of Proton , an open-source Windows compatibility layer for Linux, so that Linux users could run Windows games directly through Steam for Linux, removing the need to install the Windows version of Steam in Wine.

The software allows the use of Steam-supported controllers, even those not compatible with Windows. This included working with various anti-cheat developers such as Easy Anti-Cheat and BattlEye to make sure their solutions worked with Proton.

Support for Nvidia ‘s proprietary deep learning super sampling DLSS on supported video cards and games was added to Proton in June , though this will not be available on the Steam Deck which is based on AMD hardware. It would provide automatic updates, community support, downloadable content and other unannounced features. Several features—including cross-platform play and instant messaging , Steam Cloud for saved games, and the ability for PS3 owners to download Portal 2 from Steam Windows and Mac at no extra cost—were offered.

The Xbox does not have support for Steamworks. Newell said that they would have liked to bring the service to the console through the game Counter-Strike: Global Offensive , which would have allowed Valve to provide the same feature set that it did for the PlayStation 3, [] but later said that cross-platform play would not be present in the final version of the game.

Valve’s Erik Johnson stated that Microsoft required new content on the console to be certified and validated before distribution, which would limit the usefulness of Steamworks’ delivery approach. Valve released an official Steam client for iOS and Android devices in late January , following a short beta period. The application also incorporates a two-factor authentication system that works with Steam Guard, further enhancing the security of a user’s account. Newell stated that the application was a strong request from Steam users and sees it as a means “to make [Steam] richer and more accessible for everyone”.

On May 14, , a “Steam Link” app with remote play features was released in beta to allow users to stream games to Android phones, named after discontinued set-top box Steam Link. Prior to , industry analysts believed that Valve was developing hardware and tuning features of Steam with apparent use on its own hardware.

These computers were pre-emptively dubbed as “Steam Boxes” by the gaming community and expected to be a dedicated machine focused upon Steam functionality and maintaining the core functionality of a traditional video game console. That was discontinued in , but now “Steam Link” refers to the Remote Play mobile app that allows users to stream content, such as games, from a PC to a mobile device over a network. Valve released the Steam Deck , a handheld gaming computer running an updated version of SteamOS , with initial shipments starting on February 25, In March , Google offered a prerelease version of Steam on Chromebooks.

Valve included beta support for Steam Cloud Play in May for developers to allow users to play games in their library which developers and publishers have opted to allow in a cloud gaming service.

At launch, Steam Cloud Play only worked through Nvidia’s GeForce Now service and would link up to other cloud services in the future though whether Valve would run its own cloud gaming service was unclear. China has strict regulations on video games and Internet use ; however, access to Steam is allowed through China’s governmental firewalls. Currently, a large portion of Steam users are from China. Following a Chinese government-ordered temporary block of many of Steam’s functions in December , [] Valve and Perfect World announced they would help to provide an officially sanctioned version of Steam that meets Chinese Internet requirements.

Perfect World has worked with Valve before to help bring Dota 2 and Counter-Strike: Global Offensive to the country through approved government processes. It was made to comply with China’s strict regulations on video games , featuring only those that have passed approval by their government. On 25 December , reports emerged that Steam’s global service was the target of a domain name system attack that prevented users in China from accessing its site. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology MIIT later confirmed that Chinese gamers would no longer be able to use Steam’s global service as its international domain name has been designated as “illegal” due to “illicit activities” which were unspecified.

The block has effectively locked all Chinese users out of games they had purchased through Steam’s international service, and that they would only be able to go through Steam’s China-specific application.

Valve reported that there were million active accounts on Steam by the end of Valve also considers the concurrent user count a key indicator of the success of the platform, reflecting how many accounts were logged into Steam at the same time. By August , Valve reported that they saw a peak of 14 million concurrent players, up from 8.

Steam has grown from seven games in to over 30, by , with additional non-gaming products, such as creation software, DLC, and videos, numbering over 20, Though Steam provides direct sales data to a game’s developer and publisher, it does not provide any public sales data or provide such data to third-party sales groups like NPD Group. In , Valve’s Jason Holtman stated that the company felt that such sales data was outdated for a digital market, since such data, used in aggregate from other sources, could lead to inaccurate conclusions.

Developers and publishers have expressed the need to have some metrics of sales for games on Steam, as this allows them to judge the potential success of a title by reviewing how similar games had performed. This led to the creation of algorithms that worked on publicly available data through user profiles to estimate sales data with some accuracy, which led to the creation of the website Steam Spy in The change broke the method Steam Spy had collected data, rendering it unusable.

Some have asserted that Valve used the GDPR change as a means to block methods of estimating sales data, [] though Valve has since promised to provide tools to developers to help gain such insights that they say will be more accurate than Steam Spy was. Steam’s customer service has been highly criticized, with users citing poor response times or lack of response in regards to problems such as being locked out of one’s library or having a non-working game redemption key.

In March , Valve had been given a failing “F” grade from the Better Business Bureau due to a large number of complaints in Valve’s handling of Steam, leading Valve’s Erik Johnson to state that “we don’t feel like our customer service support is where it needs to be right now”. Of those, requests for refunds were the largest segment, and which Valve could resolve within hours, followed by account security and recovery requests.

Greenlight expanded this to about 70 per week, and which doubled to per week following the introduction of Direct. Following the launch of Steam Direct, allowing games to be published without Valve’s curation, members of the video game industry were split on Valve’s hands-off approach. Some praised Valve in favoring to avoid trying to be a moral adjudicator of content and letting consumers decide what content they want to see, while others felt that this would encourage some developers to publish games on Steam that are purposely hateful or degenerate of some social classes, like LGBTQ , and that Valve’s reliance on user filters and algorithms may not succeed in blocking undesirable content from certain users.

Some further criticized the decision based on the financial gain from avoid blocking any game content, as Valve collects a cut from sales through Steam. Steam was estimated to have the largest share in the PC digital distribution market in the s.

Competitors emerged with Games for Windows — Live in and Impulse in , both of which were shut down in and , respectively. They purported that having such a percentage of the overall market can be detrimental to the industry and that sector competition would yield positive results for consumers. Because of Valve’s oversight of sales data, estimates of how much of a market share Steam has in the video game market is difficult to compile.

Steam’s predominance in the gaming market has led to Valve becoming involved in various legal cases. In December , the French consumer group UFC-Que Choisir initiated a lawsuit against Valve for several of their Steam policies that conflict or run afoul of French law, including the restriction against reselling of purchased games , which is legal in the European Union.

The decision is primarily based on the court’s findings that Steam sells licenses to software titles, despite Valve’s claim that they were selling subscriptions, which are not covered by the Directives. The company stated that it would appeal the decision. In August , BT Group filed a lawsuit against Valve stating that Steam’s client infringes on four of their patents, which they stated were used within Steam’s Library, Chat, Messaging, and Broadcasting services.

In , the European Commission began investigating Valve and five other publishers— Bandai Namco Entertainment , Capcom , Focus Home Interactive , Koch Media and ZeniMax Media —for anti-competitive practices, specifically the use of geo-blocking through the Steam storefront and Steam product keys to prevent access to software to citizens of certain countries within the European Economic Area. A January class-action lawsuit filed against Valve asserted that the company forced developers into entering a ” most favored nation “-type of pricing contract to offer games on their storefront, which required the developers to price their games the same on other platforms as they did on Steam, thus stifling competition.

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Archived from the original on May 2, Retrieved April 29, Archived from the original on November 4, Retrieved November 15, November 5, Archived from the original on July 28, December 17, Archived from the original on December 18, Retrieved December 18, Archived from the original on November 28, Archived from the original on April 28, Retrieved April 27, Archived from the original on December 6, Retrieved December 6, Archived from the original on August 6, In other words: on a reel machine, the odds are more favorable if the gambler plays with the maximum number of coins available.

Multi-way games may be configured to allow players to bet by-reel: for example, on a game with a 3×5 pattern often referred to as a way game , playing one reel allows all three symbols in the first reel to potentially pay, but only the center row pays on the remaining reels often designated by darkening the unused portions of the reels.

Other multi-way games use a 4×5 or 5×5 pattern, where there are up to five symbols in each reel, allowing for up to 1, and 3, ways to win respectively. A variation involves patterns where symbols pay adjacent to one another. Most of these games have a hexagonal reel formation, and much like multi-way games, any patterns not played are darkened out of use.

The latter are typically known as “high limit” machines, and machines configured to allow for such wagers are often located in dedicated areas which may have a separate team of attendants to cater to the needs of those who play there.

The machine automatically calculates the number of credits the player receives in exchange for the cash inserted. Newer machines often allow players to choose from a selection of denominations on a splash screen or menu. A bonus is a special feature of the particular game theme, which is activated when certain symbols appear in a winning combination. Bonuses and the number of bonus features vary depending upon the game.

In other bonus rounds, the player is presented with several items on a screen from which to choose. As the player chooses items, a number of credits is revealed and awarded.

Some bonuses use a mechanical device, such as a spinning wheel, that works in conjunction with the bonus to display the amount won. A candle is a light on top of the slot machine. It flashes to alert the operator that change is needed, hand pay is requested or a potential problem with the machine.

It can be lit by the player by pressing the “service” or “help” button. A coin hopper is a container where the coins that are immediately available for payouts are held. When a certain preset coin capacity is reached, a coin diverter automatically redirects, or “drops”, excess coins into a “drop bucket” or “drop box”. Unused coin hoppers can still be found even on games that exclusively employ Ticket-In, Ticket-Out technology, as a vestige.

The credit meter is a display of the amount of money or number of credits on the machine. On mechanical slot machines, this is usually a seven-segment display , but video slot machines typically use stylized text that suits the game’s theme and user interface.

The drop bucket or drop box is a container located in a slot machine’s base where excess coins are diverted from the hopper. Typically, a drop bucket is used for low-denomination slot machines and a drop box is used for high-denomination slot machines. A drop box contains a hinged lid with one or more locks whereas a drop bucket does not contain a lid.

The contents of drop buckets and drop boxes are collected and counted by the casino on a scheduled basis. Free spins are a common form of bonus, where a series of spins are automatically played at no charge at the player’s current wager. Free spins are usually triggered via a scatter of at least three designated symbols with the number of spins dependent on the number of symbols that land.

Some games allow the free spins bonus to “retrigger”, which adds additional spins on top of those already awarded. There is no theoretical limit to the number of free spins obtainable. Some games may have other features that can also trigger over the course of free spins. A hand pay refers to a payout made by an attendant or at an exchange point “cage” , rather than by the slot machine itself.

A hand pay occurs when the amount of the payout exceeds the maximum amount that was preset by the slot machine’s operator. Usually, the maximum amount is set at the level where the operator must begin to deduct taxes. A hand pay could also be necessary as a result of a short pay. Hopper fill slip is a document used to record the replenishment of the coin in the coin hopper after it becomes depleted as a result of making payouts to players.

The slip indicates the amount of coin placed into the hoppers, as well as the signatures of the employees involved in the transaction, the slot machine number and the location and the date. MEAL book M achine e ntry a uthorization l og is a log of the employee’s entries into the machine. Low-level or slant-top slot machines include a stool so the player may sit down. Stand-up or upright slot machines are played while standing.

Optimal play is a payback percentage based on a gambler using the optimal strategy in a skill-based slot machine game. Payline is a line that crosses through one symbol on each reel, along which a winning combination is evaluated.

Classic spinning reel machines usually have up to nine paylines, while video slot machines may have as many as one hundred. Paylines could be of various shapes horizontal, vertical, oblique, triangular, zigzag, etc. Persistent state refers to passive features on some slot machines, some of which able to trigger bonus payouts or other special features if certain conditions are met over time by players on that machine.

Roll-up is the process of dramatizing a win by playing sounds while the meters count up to the amount that has been won. Short pay refers to a partial payout made by a slot machine, which is less than the amount due to the player. This occurs if the coin hopper has been depleted as a result of making earlier payouts to players.

The remaining amount due to the player is either paid as a hand pay or an attendant will come and refill the machine. A scatter is a pay combination based on occurrences of a designated symbol landing anywhere on the reels, rather than falling in sequence on the same payline. A scatter pay usually requires a minimum of three symbols to land, and the machine may offer increased prizes or jackpots depending on the number that land. Scatters are frequently used to trigger bonus games, such as free spins with the number of spins multiplying based on the number of scatter symbols that land.

The scatter symbol usually cannot be matched using wilds, and some games may require the scatter symbols to appear on consecutive reels in order to pay.

On some multiway games, scatter symbols still pay in unused areas. Taste is a reference to the small amount often paid out to keep a player seated and continuously betting. Only rarely will machines fail to pay even the minimum out over the course of several pulls. Tilt is a term derived from electromechanical slot machines’ ” tilt switches “, which would make or break a circuit when they were tilted or otherwise tampered with that triggered an alarm. While modern machines no longer have tilt switches, any kind of technical fault door switch in the wrong state, reel motor failure, out of paper, etc.

A theoretical hold worksheet is a document provided by the manufacturer for every slot machine that indicates the theoretical percentage the machine should hold based on the amount paid in.

The worksheet also indicates the reel strip settings, number of coins that may be played, the payout schedule, the number of reels and other information descriptive of the particular type of slot machine. Volatility or variance refers to the measure of risk associated with playing a slot machine. A low-volatility slot machine has regular but smaller wins, while a high-variance slot machine has fewer but bigger wins. Weight count is an American term referring to the total value of coins or tokens removed from a slot machine’s drop bucket or drop box for counting by the casino’s hard count team through the use of a weigh scale.

Wild symbols substitute for most other symbols in the game similarly to a joker card , usually excluding scatter and jackpot symbols or offering a lower prize on non-natural combinations that include wilds.

How jokers behave are dependent on the specific game and whether the player is in a bonus or free games mode. Sometimes wild symbols may only appear on certain reels, or have a chance to “stack” across the entire reel.

Each machine has a table that lists the number of credits the player will receive if the symbols listed on the pay table line up on the pay line of the machine. Some symbols are wild and can represent many, or all, of the other symbols to complete a winning line. Especially on older machines, the pay table is listed on the face of the machine, usually above and below the area containing the wheels. On video slot machines, they are usually contained within a help menu, along with information on other features.

Historically, all slot machines used revolving mechanical reels to display and determine results. Although the original slot machine used five reels, simpler, and therefore more reliable, three reel machines quickly became the standard. This limited the manufacturer’s ability to offer large jackpots since even the rarest event had a likelihood of 0.

Although the number of symbols eventually increased to about 22, allowing 10, combinations, [19] this still limited jackpot sizes as well as the number of possible outcomes. In the s, however, slot machine manufacturers incorporated electronics into their products and programmed them to weight particular symbols. Thus the odds of losing symbols appearing on the payline became disproportionate to their actual frequency on the physical reel.

A symbol would only appear once on the reel displayed to the player, but could, in fact, occupy several stops on the multiple reel. In , Inge Telnaes received a patent for a device titled, “Electronic Gaming Device Utilizing a Random Number Generator for Selecting the Reel Stop Positions” US Patent , [20] which states: “It is important to make a machine that is perceived to present greater chances of payoff than it actually has within the legal limitations that games of chance must operate.

With microprocessors now ubiquitous, the computers inside modern slot machines allow manufacturers to assign a different probability to every symbol on every reel.

To the player, it might appear that a winning symbol was “so close”, whereas in fact the probability is much lower. In the s in the U. These used a number of features to ensure the payout was controlled within the limits of the gambling legislation.

As a coin was inserted into the machine, it could go either directly into the cashbox for the benefit of the owner or into a channel that formed the payout reservoir, with the microprocessor monitoring the number of coins in this channel. The drums themselves were driven by stepper motors, controlled by the processor and with proximity sensors monitoring the position of the drums. A “look-up table” within the software allows the processor to know what symbols were being displayed on the drums to the gambler.

This allowed the system to control the level of payout by stopping the drums at positions it had determined. If the payout channel had filled up, the payout became more generous; if nearly empty, the payout became less so thus giving good control of the odds.

Video slot machines do not use mechanical reels, but use graphical reels on a computerized display. As there are no mechanical constraints on the design of video slot machines, games often use at least five reels, and may also use non-standard layouts.

This greatly expands the number of possibilities: a machine can have 50 or more symbols on a reel, giving odds as high as million to 1 against — enough for even the largest jackpot. As there are so many combinations possible with five reels, manufacturers do not need to weight the payout symbols although some may still do so. Instead, higher paying symbols will typically appear only once or twice on each reel, while more common symbols earning a more frequent payout will appear many times.

Video slot machines usually make more extensive use of multimedia , and can feature more elaborate minigames as bonuses. Modern cabinets typically use flat-panel displays , but cabinets using larger curved screens which can provide a more immersive experience for the player are not uncommon.

Video slot machines typically encourage the player to play multiple “lines”: rather than simply taking the middle of the three symbols displayed on each reel, a line could go from top left to the bottom right or any other pattern specified by the manufacturer. As each symbol is equally likely, there is no difficulty for the manufacturer in allowing the player to take as many of the possible lines on offer as desire — the long-term return to the player will be the same.

The difference for the player is that the more lines they play, the more likely they are to get paid on a given spin because they are betting more. To avoid seeming as if the player’s money is simply ebbing away whereas a payout of credits on a single-line machine would be bets and the player would feel they had made a substantial win, on a line machine, it would only be five bets and not seem as significant , manufacturers commonly offer bonus games, which can return many times their bet.

The player is encouraged to keep playing to reach the bonus: even if they are losing, the bonus game could allow them to win back their losses. All modern machines are designed using pseudorandom number generators “PRNGs” , which are constantly generating a sequence of simulated random numbers, at a rate of hundreds or perhaps thousands per second.

As soon as the “Play” button is pressed, the most recent random number is used to determine the result. This means that the result varies depending on exactly when the game is played. A fraction of a second earlier or later and the result would be different.

It is important that the machine contains a high-quality RNG implementation. Because all PRNGs must eventually repeat their number sequence [23] and, if the period is short or the PRNG is otherwise flawed, an advanced player may be able to “predict” the next result. Having access to the PRNG code and seed values, Ronald Dale Harris , a former slot machine programmer, discovered equations for specific gambling games like Keno that allowed him to predict what the next set of selected numbers would be based on the previous games played.

Most machines are designed to defeat this by generating numbers even when the machine is not being played so the player cannot tell where in the sequence they are, even if they know how the machine was programmed. This is known as the “theoretical payout percentage” or RTP, “return to player”.

The minimum theoretical payout percentage varies among jurisdictions and is typically established by law or regulation. The winning patterns on slot machines — the amounts they pay and the frequencies of those payouts — are carefully selected to yield a certain fraction of the money paid to the “house” the operator of the slot machine while returning the rest to the players during play. Within some EGM development organizations this concept is referred to simply as “par”. Play now!

A slot machine’s theoretical payout percentage is set at the factory when the software is written. Changing the payout percentage after a slot machine has been placed on the gaming floor requires a physical swap of the software or firmware , which is usually stored on an EPROM but may be loaded onto non-volatile random access memory NVRAM or even stored on CD-ROM or DVD , depending on the capabilities of the machine and the applicable regulations.

Based on current technology, this is a time-consuming process and as such is done infrequently. Other jurisdictions, including Nevada, randomly audit slot machines to ensure that they contain only approved software. Historically, many casinos, both online and offline, have been unwilling to publish individual game RTP figures, making it impossible for the player to know whether they are playing a “loose” or a “tight” game. Since the turn of the century, some information regarding these figures has started to come into the public domain either through various casinos releasing them—primarily this applies to online casinos—or through studies by independent gambling authorities.

The return to player is not the only statistic that is of interest. The probabilities of every payout on the pay table is also critical. For example, consider a hypothetical slot machine with a dozen different values on the pay table.

However, the probabilities of getting all the payouts are zero except the largest one. Also, most people would not win anything, and having entries on the paytable that have a return of zero would be deceptive. As these individual probabilities are closely guarded secrets, it is possible that the advertised machines with high return to player simply increase the probabilities of these jackpots. The added advantage is that these large jackpots increase the excitement of the other players.

This game, in its original form, is obsolete, so these specific probabilities do not apply. He only published the odds after a fan of his sent him some information provided on a slot machine that was posted on a machine in the Netherlands. The psychology of the machine design is quickly revealed. There are 13 possible payouts ranging from to 2, The payout comes every 8 plays.

The payout comes every 33 plays, whereas the payout comes every plays. Most players assume the likelihood increases proportionate to the payout. The one mid-size payout that is designed to give the player a thrill is the payout.

It is programmed to occur an average of once every plays. The payout is high enough to create excitement, but not high enough that it makes it likely that the player will take their winnings and abandon the game.

In contrast the payout occurs only on average of once every 6, plays. The player who continues to feed the machine is likely to have several mid-size payouts, but unlikely to have a large payout.

He quits after he is bored or has exhausted his bankroll. Despite their confidentiality, occasionally a PAR sheet is posted on a website. They have limited value to the player, because usually a machine will have 8 to 12 different possible programs with varying payouts.

In addition, slight variations of each machine e. The casino operator can choose which EPROM chip to install in any particular machine to select the payout desired.

The result is that there is not really such a thing as a high payback type of machine, since every machine potentially has multiple settings. Without revealing the proprietary information, he developed a program that would allow him to determine with usually less than a dozen plays on each machine which EPROM chip was installed.